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中间件的简介

　　1.中间件的作用

          在scrapy运行的整个过程中,对scrapy框架运行的某些步骤做一些适配自己项目的动作.

  　　 例如scrapy内置的HttpErrorMiddleware,可以在http请求出错时做一些处理.

       2.中间件的使用方法

          配置settings.py.详见scrapy文档 https://doc.scrapy.org

中间件的分类

　　scrapy的中间件理论上有三种(Schduler Middleware,Spider Middleware,Downloader Middleware),在应用上一般有以下两种

       1.爬虫中间件Spider Middleware

         主要功能是在爬虫运行过程中进行一些处理.

　　2.下载器中间件Downloader Middleware

         主要功能在请求到网页后,页面被下载时进行一些处理.

 中间件的方法

      1.Spider Middleware有以下几个函数被管理:

       - process_spider_input 接收一个response对象并处理,

         位置是Downloader-->process_spider_input-->Spiders(Downloader和Spiders是scrapy官方结构图中的组件)

       - process_spider_exception spider出现的异常时被调用

       - process_spider_output 当Spider处理response返回result时,该方法被调用

       - process_start_requests 当spider发出请求时,被调用

　　  位置是Spiders-->process_start_requests-->Scrapy Engine(Scrapy Engine是scrapy官方结构图中的组件)         

 　 2.Downloader Middleware有以下几个函数被管理

　　 - process_request  request通过下载中间件时，该方法被调用

　　 - process_response 下载结果经过中间件时被此方法处理

　　 - process_exception 下载过程中出现异常时被调用

      编写中间件时,需要思考要实现的功能最适合在那个过程处理,就编写哪个方法.

      中间件可以用来处理请求,处理结果或者结合信号协调一些方法的使用等.也可以在原有的爬虫上添加适应项目的其他功能,这一点在扩展中编写也可以达到目的,实际上扩展更加去耦合化,推荐使用扩展.

代码示例

下载中间件代码示例

from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
from scrapy.http import Requestclass Md1(object):@classmethoddef from_crawler(cls, crawler):# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.s = cls()return sdef process_request(self, request, spider):# Called for each request that goes through the downloader# middleware.# Must either:# - return None: continue processing this request# - or return a Response object# - or return a Request object# - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of#   installed downloader middleware will be calledprint('md1.process_request',request)# 1. 返回Response# import requests# result = requests.get(request.url)# return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, status=200, headers=None, body=result.content)# 2. 返回Request# return Request('https://dig.chouti.com/r/tec/hot/1')# 3. 抛出异常# from scrapy.exceptions import IgnoreRequest# raise IgnoreRequest# 4. 对请求进行加工(*)# request.headers['user-agent'] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36"def process_response(self, request, response, spider):# Called with the response returned from the downloader.# Must either;# - return a Response object# - return a Request object# - or raise IgnoreRequestprint('m1.process_response',request,response)return responsedef process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):# Called when a download handler or a process_request()# (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.# Must either:# - return None: continue processing this exception# - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain# - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chainpass

配置

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {#'xdb.middlewares.XdbDownloaderMiddleware': 543,# 'xdb.proxy.XdbProxyMiddleware':751,'xdb.md.Md1':666,'xdb.md.Md2':667,
}

爬虫中间件下载示例

编写类

class Sd1(object):
# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
# scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
# passed objects.@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.s = cls()return sdef process_spider_input(self, response, spider):# Called for each response that goes through the spider# middleware and into the spider.# Should return None or raise an exception.return Nonedef process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):# Called with the results returned from the Spider, after# it has processed the response.# Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects.for i in result:yield idef process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):# Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method# (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.# Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict# or Item objects.pass# 只在爬虫启动时，执行一次。
def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):# Called with the start requests of the spider, and works# similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except# that it doesn’t have a response associated.# Must return only requests (not items).for r in start_requests:yield r

配置

SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {# 'xdb.middlewares.XdbSpiderMiddleware': 543,'xdb.sd.Sd1': 666,'xdb.sd.Sd2': 667,
}